fnmatch - сопоставление с шаблоном имени файла Unix в Python

Опубликовано: 21 Марта, 2022

Этот модуль используется для сопоставления подстановочных знаков в стиле оболочки Unix. fnmatch () сравнивает одно имя файла с шаблоном и возвращает ИСТИНА, если они совпадают, иначе возвращает ЛОЖЬ.
Сравнение чувствительно к регистру, если операционная система использует файловую систему с учетом регистра.
В подстановочных знаках в стиле оболочки используются следующие специальные символы и их функции:

'*' - соответствует всему
'?' - соответствует любому одиночному символу
'[seq]' - соответствует любому символу в seq
'[! seq]' - соответствует любому символу не в seq

Мета-символы должны быть заключены в скобки для буквального совпадения. Например, «[?]» Соответствует символу «?».

Functions provided by the fnmatch module

fnmatch.fnmatch(filename, pattern): This function tests whether the given filename string matches the pattern string and returns a boolean value. If the operating system is case-insensitive, then both parameters will be normalized to all lower-case or upper-case before the comparison is performed.

Example: Script to search all files starting with ‘fnmatch’ and ending in ‘.py’

# Python program to illustrate 
# fnmatch.fnmatch(filename, pattern) 
import fnmatch 
import os 
  
pattern = "fnmatch_*.py"
print ("Pattern :", pattern )
print()
  
files = os.listdir(".") 
for name in files: 
    print ("Filename: %-25s %s" % (name, fnmatch.fnmatch(name, pattern))

Output :

$ python fnmatch_fnmatch.py

Pattern : fnmatch_*.py

Filename: __init__.py               False
Filename: fnmatch_filter.py         True
Filename: fnmatch_fnmatch.py        True
Filename: fnmatch_fnmatchcase.py    True
Filename: fnmatch_translate.py      True
Filename: index.rst                 False

fnmatch.fnmatchcase(filename, pattern): This function performs the case sensitive comparison and tests whether the given filename string matches the pattern string and returns a boolean value.

Example: Script for a case-sensitive comparison, regardless of the filesystem and operating system settings.

# Python program to illustrate 
# fnmatch.fnmatchcase(filename, pattern) 
import fnmatch 
import os 
  
pattern = "FNMATCH_*.PY"
print ("Pattern :", pattern) 
print()
  
files = os.listdir(".") 
  
for name in files: 
    (print "Filename: %-25s %s" % (name, fnmatch.fnmatchcase(name, pattern)))

Output :

$ python fnmatch_fnmatchcase.py

Pattern : FNMATCH_*.PY

Filename: __init__.py               False
Filename: fnmatch_filter.py         False
Filename: FNMATCH_FNMATCH.PY        True
Filename: fnmatch_fnmatchcase.py    False
Filename: fnmatch_translate.py      False
Filename: index.rst                 False

fnmatch.filter(names, pattern): This function returns the subset of the list of names passed in the function that match the given pattern.

Example: Filter files by more than one file extension.

# Python program to illustrate 
# fnmatch.filter(names, pattern) 
import fnmatch 
import os 
   
pattern = "fnmatch_*.py"
print ("Pattern :", pattern )
   
files = os.listdir(".") 
print ("Files :", files) 
   
print ("Matches :", fnmatch.filter(files, pattern))

Output :

$ python fnmatch_filter.py

Pattern : fnmatch_*.py
Files   : ["__init__.py", "fnmatch_filter.py", "fnmatch_fnmatch.py", 
"fnmatch_fnmatchcase.py", "fnmatch_translate.py", "index.rst"]
Matches : ["fnmatch_filter.py", "fnmatch_fnmatch.py",
"fnmatch_fnmatchcase.py", "fnmatch_translate.py"]

fnmatch.translate(pattern): This function returns the shell-style pattern converted to a regular expression for using with re.match() (re.match() will only match at the beginning of the string and not at the beginning of each line).

# Python program to illustrate 
# fnmatch.translate(pattern) 
import fnmatch, re 
  
regex = fnmatch.translate("*.txt") 
reobj = re.compile(regex) 
  
print(regex) 
print(reobj.match("foobar.txt")) 

Output :

"(?s:.*\.txt)\Z"
_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(0, 10), match="foobar.txt"

This article is contributed by Aditi Gupta. If you like GeeksforGeeks and would like to contribute, you can also write an article using contribute.geeksforgeeks.org or mail your article to contribute@geeksforgeeks.org. See your article appearing on the GeeksforGeeks main page and help other Geeks.

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fnmatch - сопоставление с шаблоном имени файла Unix в Python

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