Построение подобных треугольников
Основные приемы построения позволяют строить биссектрисы перпендикуляров, биссектрисы углов и так далее. Эти основные приемы можно использовать для более сложных конструкций. Эти конструкции очень важны для дизайнеров, которые проектируют здания, дороги, машины и т. д. Таким образом, эти методы очень удобны в реальной жизни. Как следует из названия, подобные треугольники — это те треугольники, которые похожи по внешнему виду, углам и соотношению сторон. Но если дан треугольник и его попросят сделать такой же треугольник, как это сделать? Есть ли необходимость строить весь треугольник заново? Для этого были разработаны некоторые методы строительства, упрощающие процесс.
Подобные треугольники
Подобные треугольники — это треугольники, которые не равны, но подобны по своей природе. Есть несколько условий, которые должны выполняться, когда два треугольника подобны.
Let’s say we have two triangles which are similar ΔABC and ΔXYZ. The two triangles must follow two conditions:
1. The corresponding angles of the triangles must be equal
∠A = ∠X, ∠B = ∠ Y and ∠ C = ∠ Z
2. The corresponding sides of both the triangles must be in same ratio.

Построение подобных треугольников
Это построение подобных треугольников включает два случая:
- Треугольник, который нужно построить, больше исходного треугольника.
- Треугольник, который нужно построить, меньше исходного треугольника.
Scale Ratio: We define scale ratio as the ratio of the sides of the triangle constructed with the sides of the original triangle.
Образцы конструкций
Давайте посмотрим на конструкцию в обоих случаях на некоторых примерах,
Вопрос 1: Постройте треугольник, подобный треугольнику ΔPQR, с масштабным отношением = 
Решение:
We know that the scale ratio must be
, that is the sides of the new triangle must be
, of the sides of the original triangle.
Steps of Construction:
Step 1. Draw a ray QX which makes acute angle with QR on the side that is opposite to the P.
Step 2. On the ray QX, make four points Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 on QX in such a way that QQ1 = QQ2 = QQ3 = QQ4. Now on this ray locate the 4th point(whichever is greater in the fraction
Step 3. Now join Q4R and draw a line from Q3 parallel to Q4R and let it intersect QR at R’.
Step 4. Draw a line from R’ which is parallel to the line RP. Let it intersect PQ and P’
ΔPQ’R’ is our required triangle.
Вопрос 2: Постройте треугольник, подобный треугольнику ΔPQR, с масштабным отношением =
.
Решение:
This is an example of the second case, scale ratio is given by
. That is the sides of the new triangle must be
, of the sides of the original triangle. The steps in this case are similar to the above case, but with some minor modification.
Steps for Construction:
Step 1. Draw a ray QX which makes acute angle with QR on the side that is opposite to the P.
Step 2. On the ray QX, make four points Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, Q5on QX in such a way that QQ1 = QQ2 = QQ3 = QQ4 = QQ5. Now on this ray locate the 5th point whichever is greater in the fraction
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Step 3. Join the 3rd point with R and draw a line that is parallel to Q3R through the 5th point, let it intersect the extended line QR at R’.
Step 4. Now, we need to draw the line through R’ which parallel to PR, it should intersect the extended line of PQ and P’.
ΔP’QR’ is our required triangle.
Вопрос 3: Нарисуйте треугольник со сторонами 10 см, 11 см и 8 см. Затем нарисуйте треугольник, подобный ему, с коэффициентом масштаба
.
Решение:
Steps of the construction:
Step 1. Draw a triangle of 10cm, 11cm and 8cm.
We know that the scale ratio must be
, that is the sides of the new triangle must be
, of the sides of the original triangle.
Step 2. Draw a ray QX which makes acute angle with QR on the side that is opposite to the P.
Step 2. On the ray QX, make three points Q1, Q2, Q3 on QX in such a way that QQ1 = QQ2 = QQ3. Now on this ray locate the 2nd point(whichever is greater in the fraction
Step 3. Now join Q3R and draw a line from Q2 parallel to Q3R and let it intersect QR at R’.
Step 4. Draw a line from R’ which is parallel to the line RP. Let it intersect PQ and P’
ΔPQ’R’ is our required triangle.
Вопрос 4: В исходном треугольнике предыдущего вопроса. Начертите подобный ему треугольник с масштабом
.
Решение:
Steps of the construction:
Step 1. Draw a triangle of 10cm, 11cm and 8cm.
We know that the scale ratio must be
, that is the sides of the new triangle must be
, of the sides of the original triangle.
Step 2. Draw a ray QX which makes acute angle with QR on the side that is opposite to the P.
Step 3. On the ray QX, make four points Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, Q5on QX in such a way that QQ1 = QQ2 = QQ3 = QQ4 = QQ5. Now on this ray locate the 5th point whichever is greater in the fraction
![]()
Step 4. Join the 3rd point with R and draw a line that is parallel to Q3R through the 5th point, let it intersect the extended line QR at R’.
Step 5. Now, we need to draw the line through R’ which parallel to PR, it should intersect the extended line of PQ and P’.
ΔP’QR’ is our required triangle.
Вопрос 5: Нарисуйте треугольник со сторонами 4 см, 5 см и 6 см. Затем нарисуйте треугольник, подобный ему, с коэффициентом масштаба
.
Решение:
Steps of the construction:
Step 1. Draw a triangle of 4cm, 5cm and 6cm.
We know that the scale ratio must be
, that is the sides of the new triangle must be
, of the sides of the original triangle.
Step 2. Draw a ray QX which makes acute angle with QR on the side that is opposite to the P.
Step 2. On the ray QX, make three points Q1, Q2, Q3 on QX in such a way that QQ1 = QQ2 = QQ3. Now on this ray locate the 2nd point(whichever is greater in the fraction
Step 3. Now join Q3R and draw a line from Q2 parallel to Q3R and let it intersect QR at R’.
Step 4. Draw a line from R’ which is parallel to the line RP. Let it intersect PQ and P’.
ΔPQ’R’ is our required triangle.

, of the sides of the original triangle. 



, of the sides of the original triangle. The steps in this case are similar to the above case, but with some minor modification. 



, that is the sides of the new triangle must be 
, that is the sides of the new triangle must be 
